四川省休闲农业资源开发与规划研究

休闲农业是农业与旅游业相融合的新型产业,对优化农业产业结构、促进农业战略转型、推进我国社会主义新农村建设意义重大。作为我国农业开发最早的地区之一,四川是我国粮食与经济作物的重要产地,有着丰厚的农业自然资源,发展休闲农业的市场空间巨大,当前休闲农业已经成为四川农民就业增收的一条重要渠道。对休闲农业资源的开发与规划进行研究,能够充分发挥四川省的农业资源优势,为休闲农业的良性发展提供有力的保障。文章首先介绍了休闲农业资源开发的意义与作用,如优化产业结构,加快农业产业化进程、拓宽就业渠道,转移剩余劳动、加快城镇化进程,推进新农村建设等;进而对四川省休闲农业资源开发现状与存在的问题进行了分析;并提出构建四川省休闲农业产业化经营模式与组织化经营模式,探讨了四川省休闲农业资源开发的规划原则。     

Valuation of ecosystem services provided by irrigated rice agriculture in Thailand: a choice experiment considering attribute nonattendance

This research investigates how the public of a middle‐income country, Thailand, values ecosystem services associated with irrigated rice agriculture using a choice experiment. The results show a significant willingness to pay for services such as drought mitigation, water quality and the environment and maintenance of rural lifestyles and rice landscapes. The iterative procedure developed to fully analyze the incidence of attribute nonattendance (ANA) improved the model fit when compared with a multinomial logit model or an ANA model with potentially only one attribute ignored at a time (ANA‐1). Moreover, the inferred probability of the class of respondents having attended all attributes was 45%, compared to 9% with ANA‐1 model. However, it also suggests that 55% of the respondents made their choices by considering only two of the five attributes. Finally, this research also suggests that failing to consider ANA does not change the public ranking of scenarios contrasted by the services they would provide but would overestimate the WTP for these scenarios.     

In and out of everyday life through film experiences: an analysis of two social spaces as leisure frames

The new information and communication technologies have made it possible to view films in different spaces. Using the symbolic interactionist framework as a frame of analysis, we interpret the meaning of the two experiences of viewing technology-mediated films in the home and in the cinema. We conducted field research during the first half of 2009, digitally recording 16 interviews with research participants living in Barcelona (Spain). The interviews were transcribed verbatim with the help of voice-recognition software. Reports from our research participants indicate that individuals considered only the cinema experience to be a true leisure activity, while the home experience was interpreted as a routine recreational activity. Therefore, the meanings of the film-viewing activity were associated with the symbolic properties of the frames of interpretation. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for the home as a unified centre where shared meanings are co-produced by family members.     

Agricultural productivity growth in Latin America and the Caribbean: an analysis of climatic effects,catch‐up and convergence*

This paper investigates whether climatic adjusted total factor productivity (CATFP) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is converging, converging to different steady states or exhibit absolute convergence, that is the process does not require (government) interventions to reach its equilibrium path. We use data from the University of East Anglia’s Climatic Research Unit and from the Food and Agriculture Organization for 28 LAC countries over a 54‐year period (1961–2014) to estimate random parameters stochastic production frontier models to calculate CATFP and then use cross‐sectional regressions and an error correction model to analyse CATFP convergence across countries in the region. The results show that technological progress is the main driver of CATFP growth in the region and there is no absolute convergence, that is CATFP gaps across countries will not decrease over time and least performing countries will not grow faster than better performing ones without targeted policies. However, CATFP across LAC exhibits conditional convergence towards different steady states. Technological progress plays a critical role in raising the steady state level of CATFP with an overall average of 2.22 per cent per annum.     

农业农村双创工作的成效机制研究

[目的]近年来,创新创业的热潮大力兴起,如何对农民双创工作的成效机制进行研究,成为文章研究的重点。通过对农民双创工作中的创业者特征、创业者关系、政策适应与农业农村双创收益机理的研究,找出创业企业绩效演变机理。[方法]收集2017年2—5月重庆24个地区1 855位农民的调查问卷,采用专家评价法对双创收益、创业培训、创业者社会关系和创业政策适应的测量项目进行因子分析。[结果]对农民双创收益的影响因素进行分析讨论,得出学历水平、创业动机、创业风险意识、创业经营模式以及创业培训均对双创收益的提升有促进作用;创业者特征回归分析中R~2值由0.22提升为0.32,ΔR~2的值为0.34,说明自变量对因变量有预测作用;创业者特征对双创收益值为0.329,说明创业者的特征越高,其创业的绩效就越高;创业政策回归分析中R~2值由0.12增加到0.22,ΔR~2的值为0.14,说明自变量对模型有预测能力,且政策越全面有效,对农民的双创收益提升效果越好;创业者社会关系回归分析中R~2值由0.098提升为0.175,ΔR~2由0.175增长为0.433,说明创业者的社会关系越好,农民的双创收益越高。[结论]研究结果说明农业农村双创工作中创业者特征、创业者社会关系以及政策适应可提升创新创业机制的完善,提升双创收益。     

BUILDING THE MANAGERIAL CAPITAL OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVES IN AFRICA

Agricultural cooperatives in Africa tend to be community‐based organizations defined by principles of inclusion, voluntarism, democracy, equity, autonomy, mutuality and solidarity. This means that they generally operate in accordance with the principles endorsed by the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA). However, only a few of these organizations are successful in commercializing the agricultural produce of their members. In this study, we argue that growth‐problems leading to commercial failure and organizational degeneration in these cooperatives can be attributed to a lack of managerial capital. Drawing on the literature and evidence from the field we set out key management solutions for counterbalancing cooperative principles in the context of rural Africa. These solutions were taught to the leaders and managers of 362 cooperatives at four training events held in Madagascar, Malawi and twice in Uganda. Using a production function for cognitive achievement and key informant interviews, we find that our training contributed to the adoption of the proposed solutions by some of the cooperatives. Using the Ugandan sub‐ sample, we estimate an OLS regression and a PSM model to show that the training translated into higher revenues per member generated through collective commercialization.     

基于农业可持续发展的湖南省乡村规划影响因素分析

[目的]文章从乡村规划的角度出发,以乡村振兴战略规划为指导,从农业可持续发展的角度探寻乡村规划的影响因素,以期对湖南省乡村阶段性规划提供合理的参考建议。[方法]运用DEMATE方法对湖南省乡村规划影响因素进行定性识别,并利用熵权法对湖南省乡村规划影响因素系统进行定量评价。[结果](1)城镇化率对乡村规划的影响度最大,其在所有因素中影响度和被影响度均最大,其次为第三产业从业人员、农业财政支出、规模农业经营。(2)结合中心度与原因度的分析对湖南省乡村规划重要影响因子进行识别,其中,城镇化率、农业财政支出、规模农业经营、第三产业从业人员、节水灌溉面积共5个因素为湖南省乡村规划实施的重要影响因素。[结论](1)经济因素是农业可持续发展背景下乡村规划的主导因素,以休闲农业产值、规模农业经营和农业财政支出构成乡村规划实施的关键因素,提升经济效益对湖南省乡村规划建设具有重要的推动作用。(2)从结果因素来看,贫困发生率、休闲农业产值、城乡居民人均收入比受农业生产方式、城乡资源分配和产业融合的影响较大,充分掌握重要影响因素之间的相互关系是巩固湖南省乡村规划结果因素效益的关键。(3)人口因素和社会因素是湖南省乡村规划实施的制约因素,加快推进湖南省科技兴农、特色强农、质量强农、开放强农建设成为其提高农业可持续发展能力和乡村规划实施的关键。     

海岛地区一、二、三产业融合水平研究*——以海南岛北部4市（县）为例

［目的］一、二、三产业融合发展是农业现代化进程中自发演化的重要形式，是破解我国小农户需求与大市场需求矛盾的重要武器，探究海南岛一、二、三产业融合发展的状况，对于推进海南岛农业和农村经济结构调整，农业产业化经营具有一定的借鉴意义。［方法］文章构建了三产融合度测度模型，运用1998—2017年海南岛北部4市的数据测度了海南岛一、二、三产业融合发展的具体水平。［结果］海南岛北部4市的一、二、三产业融合处于高度融合阶段，呈现了良好发展的态势，但是各子系统间协调性较差。从地区差异来看，海口三产融和水平和增长速度均处于领先地位，文昌和澄迈的三产融合水平和增长速度基本同步，在波动中稳步增长，定安的三产融合水平和增长速度处于最低状态。从融合路径来看，二、三产业融合的程度略深于一、二产业的融合程度，一、二产业融合的程度略深于一、三产业的融合程度。［结论］海南岛北部4市的产业融合发展仍有很大的进步空间，在今后的发展中，需要注重融合机制体制的顶层设计，破除多部门协作的制度壁垒，在尊重地区差异的基础上，追求“多规合一”，促进各区域间的协调发展，力争补足农业产业化发展的短板。     

The efficiency of small and medium enterprises in informal metal manufacturing in Zimbabwe: Implications for stakeholders in the agricultural sector

This study uses the structure–conduct–performance framework to examine the structure and efficiency of small and medium enterprises in the informal metal manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe. Small and medium enterprises provide a lifeline to the country's resource-poor farmers, whose numbers increased exponentially after the agrarian reform in 2000. The study utilises nationally representative, enterprise-level data from five major towns (Harare, Chitungwiza, Bulawayo, Mutare and Rusape) in Zimbabwe. Various performance measures are applied at the industry level to assess efficiency, profitability and competitiveness; these include the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, concentration ratios, average yearly profits and Tobin's q ratio. The results indicate that small and medium enterprises in Zimbabwe are modestly efficient, profitable and competitive. These findings highlight the need to integrate informal metal fabrication activities into Zimbabwe's national economic development plans.     

节能生态农业技术扩散机制研究

如何处理好经济发展与节约资源、保护环境的关系成为我国未来发展迫待解决的问题之一,党的十八大更是对建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会提出了更新更高要求,农业与农村节能减排是我国《节能减排"十二五"规划》中的主要工作任务之一,其工作重点是大力推广科学高效的节肥、节药、节水、节能及农村废弃物资源化利用技术,以实现农业与农村经济快速可持续发展。当前我国各地区、各部门在国务院统一决策部署下,加大工作力度,采取积极有效的措施,推动了农业技术进步,更多的先进技术成果得到推广,节能减排工作初见成效。然而节能生态农业技术在应用范围上仍然有限,推进相关技术的扩散仍是节能减排工作中的重中之重。文章对农业技术扩散理论加以阐述,通过分析当前我国节能生态农业技术扩散现状,研究并探讨适合我国节能生态农业技术扩散的有效机制与具体举措,以期为提升我国资源节约型农业发展水平提供参考。